Meta-analysis is a set of statistical methods that combine studies on the same question to estimate the true effect size. If published data are biased, data synthesis might lead to flawed conclusions. Common practices that lead to p-hacking include: conducting analyses midway through experiments to decide whether to continue collecting data recording many response variables and deciding which to report postanalysis, deciding whether to include or drop outliers postanalyses, excluding, combining, or splitting treatment groups postanalysis, including or excluding covariates postanalysis, and stopping data exploration if an analysis yields a significant p-value. It occurs when researchers try out several statistical analyses and/or data eligibility specifications and then selectively report those that produce significant results. Inflation bias, also known as “p-hacking” or “selective reporting,” is the misreporting of true effect sizes in published studies ( Box 1). There are two widely recognized types of researcher-driven publication bias: selection (also known as the “file drawer effect”, where studies with nonsignificant results have lower publication rates ) and inflation. In combination, these factors create incentives for researchers to selectively pursue and selectively attempt to publish statistically significant research findings. Employers and funders often count papers and weigh them by the journal’s impact factor to assess a researcher’s performance. Many argue that current scientific practices create strong incentives to publish statistically significant (i.e., “positive”) results, and there is good evidence that journals, especially prestigious ones with higher impact factors, disproportionately publish statistically significant results. Name of song, featured performers, writers, originating album, and year released.There is increasing concern that many published results are false positives (but see ). Puerto Rican singer-rapper Rauw Alejandro collaborated with Gomez on " Baila Conmigo". The album was met with a positive reaction from critics, who praised the album's production and lyrical content. Revival is primarily a dance-pop and electropop album with R&B vibes, which has been also described as "a heady mix of electronic dance music pop". Her second studio album, Revival was released on October 9, 2015. To officially end her contract with Hollywood Records, Gomez released the compilation album For You (2014). Having spent seven years with Hollywood Records, Gomez signed a recording contract with Interscope Records in 2014. Stars Dance is an album rooted stylistically in EDM and pop, this later specifically showcased as electropop. The result was Stars Dance, released on July 19, 2013. In 2013, she confirmed that she would be releasing her solo debut album, as opposed to another album with her band. Gomez announced the band would take a hiatus while Gomez focused on her acting career. Their second album, A Year Without Rain was released in 2010 and their third album, When the Sun Goes Down, in 2011. Selena Gomez & the Scene released their debut album, Kiss & Tell in 2009. In 2009, Gomez released her first extended play (EP), Another Cinderella Story, by Razor & Tie. Gomez later formed a band named Selena Gomez & the Scene. In 2008, Gomez signed a record deal with Hollywood Records. Selena Gomez is an American singer, songwriter, and actress.
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